
Health
Why persons suffering from dysentery shouldn’t cook, swim or have sex — Expert


Dr Adebola Adejimi is a consultant public health physician at the University of Lagos and Lagos University Teaching Hospital. She tells TOBI AWORINDE about the risks of dysentery and how to prevent infection
What is dysentery?
Dysentery is an intestinal infectious disease resulting in inflammation of the intestines, especially the colon, and causing severe diarrhoea with blood or mucus in the stool. Other symptoms may include abdominal cramps or pain, nausea, vomiting, fever with temperature of about 38°C or higher and dehydration, which can become life-threatening if left untreated. This usually lasts for between three and seven days. However, the signs and symptoms can be mild and disappear within a few days in some cases. Most of the global burden of this disease is contributed by the developing countries where over 60 per cent of the fatalities are reported among children under five years old.
What are the causes of dysentery?
Dysentery is usually spread as a result of poor hygiene, as well as poor sanitation and improper sewage disposal. The infection is often spread through contact with food or water that has been contaminated with faecal matter. Good hygiene practices, such as hand washing and proper sanitation, can help prevent dysentery and keep it from spreading. Dysentery is most often caused by shigella bacteria called Shigella bacillus or an amoeba called Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica). Bacillary dysentery, also known as shigellosis, produces the most severe symptoms, while Amoebic dysentery, also known as amoebiasis, is more common in the tropics. Other causes of dysentery diarrhoea include parasitic worm infections, chemical irritation, or viral infections.
Can you speak more about the symptoms of dysentery?
The symptoms of dysentery range from mild to severe. A key symptom of dysentery is bloody diarrhoea. Mild symptoms include a slight abdominal pain, cramps and diarrhoea. These usually appear from one to three days of infection, and the patient recovers within a week. Often, symptoms are so mild that a doctor’s visit may not be required, and the problem resolves within a few days. Other symptoms of dysentery include intense abdominal pain, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, watery diarrhoea, which can contain blood, mucus or pus, malaise, fatigue, painful passing of stools and intermittent constipation.
In amoebiasis, amoeba can move through the intestinal wall and spread into the bloodstream to infect other organs. Ulcers can develop in the intestines and these may bleed, causing blood in stools. Symptoms may persist for several weeks. The amoebae may continue living within the human host after symptoms have disappeared but the symptoms may recur when the person’s immune system is weaker. Treatment reduces the risk of the amoebae surviving in the human host.
Who is at risk of dysentery?
People who live in environments with poor sanitation are at risk of having dysentery. Those who come in contact with faecal matter from people who have dysentery are most at risk. This contact may be through contaminated water, food and other drinks, as well as through swimming in contaminated water, such as lakes or pools. People who come in contact with infected persons with poor hand hygiene practices are also at risk of dysentery.
Even though anyone can develop dysentery at any age, children are most at risk of shigellosis. It can easily spread by taking contaminated food or drink. Shigellosis mostly spreads from one person to another among people who are in close contact with an infected person in places such as day care centers, schools and nursing homes.
What is the difference between bacterial and amoebic dysentery?
Bacterial dysentery, also known as shigellosis, is caused by infection with bacteria from Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella, or enterohemorrhagic E. coli. This type produces the most severe symptoms and mostly related to poor hygiene. On the other hand, Amoebic dysentery, also known as amoebiasis, is caused by a single-celled parasite, Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica), an amoeba that infects the intestines. Amoebic dysentery is less common in the developed world. It is more common in the tropics with poor sanitary conditions. The amoebae group together to form a cyst, which emerges from the body in human faeces. The amoebae can contaminate food and water and infect other humans. They can survive for long periods outside the body and can also linger on people’s hands after using the bathroom.
How can dysentery be distinguished from cholera?
Dysentery is an inflammation of the intestine characterised by the frequent passage of faeces with blood and mucus. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the causative bacterium, which is known as Vibrio cholerae. The major symptom of cholera is massive watery diarrhoea that occurs because of a toxin secreted by the bacteria that stimulates the cells of the small intestine to secrete fluid. Cholera stools may contain faecal matter and bile in the early phases of the disease. The characteristic symptom of severe cholera is the passage of profuse “rice-water” stool, a watery stool with flecks of mucous. It typically has a ‘rice-water’ appearance and a fishy odour. There are several strains of V. cholerae and the severity of the disease is based on the particular infectious strain.
How is dysentery diagnosed?
Dysentery can be diagnosed by taking adequate history, physical examination and laboratory investigations, including testing of the stool sample to determine which bacteria are present. Laboratory results will reveal whether the infection is due to Shigella or Entamoeba histolyca infection. Other tests to decide whether an antibiotic will help can be performed. If you notice the symptoms of dysentery, please see your doctor because it can lead to severe dehydration and become life-threatening, if left untreated.
How is it treated?
Prompt medical care is required for bloody diarrhoea. Treatment may include increased fluid intake, oral rehydration solutions, IV (intravenous) fluids and antibiotics. Mild shigellosis can be treated just by resting and taking plenty of fluids. If treatment is necessary, it will depend on the results of the investigations. However, any patient with diarrhoea or vomiting should drink plenty of fluids.
Severe shigellosis can be treated with antibiotics, but the bacteria that cause it are often resistant. If your doctor prescribes an antibiotic and you don’t see improvement after a couple of days, let the doctor know. The strain of Shigella bacteria may be resistant, and your doctor may need to adjust your treatment plan.
Amoebic dysentery can be treated with metronidazole, tinidazole or secnidazole which should be based on doctor’s prescription.. These drugs kill the parasites. In some cases, a follow-up drug is given to make sure all the parasites are gone. In severe cases, your doctor may recommend an IV drip to replace fluids and prevent dehydration.
What are the repercussions of not treating dysentery?
Complications of dysentery are few, but some of them can be severe. Frequent diarrhoea and vomiting can quickly lead to dehydration. In infants and young children, this can quickly become life-threatening.
If amoebae spread to the liver, an abscess can form there. In some cases, complications of dysentery can include post-infectious arthritis, which affects about two per cent of people who get a particular strain of the Shigella bacteria called S. flexneri. These people can develop joint pain, eye irritation, and painful urination. Post-infectious arthritis can last for months or years.
There are also blood stream infections, which are rare and most likely to affect people with weak immune systems, such as people with human immunodeficiency virus or cancer. Shigella dysenteriae can also cause the red blood cells to block the entrance to the kidneys, leading to Hemolytic uremic syndrome, characterised by anaemia, low platelet count, and kidney failure. Patients have also experienced seizures after infection. Sometimes, young children can have generalised seizures.
How deadly is dysentery?
Dysentery can be fatal without adequate hydration. It is an infection of the intestinal tract and many people have mild symptoms. It is important to practise good hygiene to reduce the risk of spreading the infection.
How long does dysentery last?
Shigellosis usually goes away within a week and may not require prescription medications. It is important to practise good hand hygiene always. If you have shigellosis, avoid preparing food for other people and swimming in public places. People who have shigellosis should avoid working with children, preparing food, or having intimate contacts with others until the diarrhoea has stopped. Most people with amoebic dysentery are sick for a few days to several weeks. If you suspect amoebic dysentery, it is important to get immediate medical attention. Your doctor will prescribe medication to get rid of the parasite that causes this type of dysentery.
What preventive measures can be taken against dysentery?
Dysentery mostly stems from poor hygiene and it can be prevented through good sanitation practices. To reduce the risk of infection, people should wash their hands regularly with soap and water, and especially after using the toilet and before preparing or touching food. Make sure you eat food from reliable sources. Make sure your food is properly cooked and your fruit is properly washed before eating.
Avoid water from unknown sources and only drink water from reliable sources. It is important to make sure you drink bottled and sealed water and clean the top of the rim of drinks before drinking it. Safe sources of water include bottled water with unbroken seal, tap water that has been boiled for at least one minute; tap water that has been filtered through a one-micron filter and treated with chlorine or iodine tablets. It is best to use purified water to clean the teeth. This can reduce the frequency of dysentery by up to 35 per cent.
To prevent dysentery, it is important to be careful when changing a sick baby’s diaper, and not to swallow water when swimming. When travelling or going to these areas where dysentery is common, you should avoid drinks with ice cubes; drinks that are not bottled and sealed; food and beverages sold by street vendors; peeled fruit or vegetables, and unpasteurised milk, cheese or dairy foods.
In our communities, it is important to provide adequate potable water as well as improved water and sanitation facilities for proper hygiene. Household water should be properly treated and stored. Lack of access to safe and clean drinking water, as well as basic sanitation can promote the spread of dysentery. Adequate sanitation and toilet facilities for proper sewage disposal should be provided in homes and public places.
Health
Ebola Scare: FG Moves to Establish Treatment Centres in States as Contacts Rise to 53

The Federal Government has intensified emergency measures to contain the possible spread of Ebola Virus Disease in Nigeria, with plans to establish treatment and isolation centres in states hosting designated ports of entry.
The development follows an increase in the number of persons identified as contacts of Nigeria’s confirmed Ebola patient from 44 to 53.
The national incident management system has also been activated under the coordination of the Minister of Health and Social Welfare, Prof Muhammad Ali Pate.
The confirmed case involves a woman who travelled to Nigeria after visiting Uganda, following an earlier trip to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
She reportedly developed symptoms on October 7, sought medical attention in Abuja on October 11 and tested positive for the Bundibugyo strain of Ebola on October 20.
The World Health Organisation is investigating the possible source of the infection.
Health authorities have urged Nigerians to remain calm, maintain proper hygiene, avoid direct contact with the bodily fluids of suspected Ebola patients and promptly report suspected infections.
The NCDC also warned against stigmatising persons undergoing monitoring, stressing that public cooperation, early detection and effective contact tracing remain critical to preventing further transmission.
Health
Nigeria’s Ebola Patient Identified as Wife of Swiss Diplomat, Infection Traced to Uganda

The woman who tested positive for Ebola in Nigeria has been identified as the wife of a Swiss diplomat stationed in Abuja, with preliminary investigations suggesting that she contracted the deadly virus during a recent trip to Uganda.
According to Reuters, Switzerland’s Federal Department of Foreign Affairs confirmed on Thursday that the 42-year-old Ugandan-born woman tested positive on October 20, marking Nigeria’s first confirmed Ebola case in over a decade.
The Swiss authorities disclosed that the patient had spent approximately one week receiving treatment at a private hospital in Abuja after developing symptoms before laboratory tests confirmed the infection.
The ministry explained that the woman was believed to have contracted the virus during a visit to Uganda about two weeks earlier.
Her husband, who accompanied her on the trip, has since been placed in isolation as a precautionary measure, although he has not exhibited any symptoms of the disease.
However, uncertainty remains over the actual source of the infection, as international health agencies intensify efforts to reconstruct the patient’s travel history and identify possible exposure routes.
Ugandan authorities had suggested that the woman visited eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo before travelling through Uganda, but the World Health Organisation (WHO) and Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) said the claim had not been independently verified.
Africa CDC official Wessam Mankoula disclosed during an online briefing that Nigerian and Ugandan health authorities were exchanging information to establish the patient’s movements.
He maintained that there was currently no validated evidence confirming that the woman travelled to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Providing further clarification, WHO Representative in Nigeria, Pavel Ursu, said available records indicated that the patient travelled to Uganda on September 16 and returned to Abuja on October 3.
Ursu also confirmed that the woman remained hospitalised, adding that medical indicators showed signs of improvement.
Meanwhile, WHO Emergency Response Manager Patrick Otim said investigations were continuing to establish where the infection originated and identify health facilities the patient visited after developing symptoms.
The Nigerian case has been linked to an outbreak involving the Bundibugyo strain of Ebola, first reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in May.
Ebola is transmitted through direct contact with the blood or bodily fluids of infected persons, including deceased victims. Common symptoms include fever, vomiting and diarrhoea, while severe infections can result in death.
Health authorities are currently tracing the patient’s contacts and reviewing her movements to identify individuals who may have been exposed and prevent further transmission of the virus.
Health
Abuja Ebola case: Enugu Govt strengthens surveillance, puts health officials on alert

The Enugu State Government says it has strengthened its disease surveillance and puts health officials on alert within the 17 council areas in the state.
The Commissioner for Health, Prof. George Ugwu, said this on Wednesday in Enugu during a press conference on Actions of the State Government in Response to Confirmed Case of Ebola in Abuja.
Ugwu said that following the confirmation of the case, the government had reactivated and strengthened the Enugu State Public Health Emergency Operations Centre (PHEOC) to coordinate preparedness, surveillance and response activities.
“Specifically, the State has intensified disease surveillance across its 17 Local Government Areas and strengthened coordination with relevant agencies and partners.
“Surveillance activities around the Akanu Ibiam International Airport are also being strengthened in collaboration with Port Health Services and other relevant stakeholders.
“The state is further maintaining its Rapid Response Teams and relevant technical personnel on standby, while preparedness measures are being reviewed to ensure that the state is able to respond promptly should a suspected case be identified.
“Public awareness and risk communication activities are also being strengthened to ensure that members of the public receive accurate and timely information,” Ugwu, who is a Member of Presidential Committee on Ebola Prevention, said.
He said that health ministry would continue to work closely with Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, its agencies and other partners to ensure effective preparedness, early detection, appropriate response and timely communication
The commissioner said that the government considers the health security of the state’s residents as a major priority and had taken appropriate precautionary measures without creating unnecessary fear or panic.
He urged health workers to maintain a high index of suspicion, strictly observe infection prevention and control measures, use appropriate protective equipment, and promptly report any suspected case through the established channels.
According to him, the government will continue to provide the necessary support and guidance to ensure health workers safety and effective response.
“To the good people of Enugu State, I urge you to remain calm and vigilant. There is currently no confirmed case of Ebola in Enugu State, and the measures being taken are precautionary.
“The public is advised to maintain good hand hygiene, avoid contact with the body fluids of sick persons, seek medical attention promptly when necessary, and report suspected sick person,” he said.
He specifically urged public and private health facilities across the state to remain on heightened alert and maintain a high index of suspicion for suspected cases, particularly among persons with relevant travel or exposure history.
“All suspected cases should be promptly isolated and immediately reported to the appropriate Disease Surveillance and Notification Officer (DSNO) or the State Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, while strict infection prevention and control measures are observed.
“I urge all health facilities to cooperate fully with the Enugu State Ministry of Health and other response agencies, as early detection and prompt notification are critical to preventing transmission,” he said.
It would be recalled that state government, through the Ministry of Health, for months had been undertaking Ebola Prevention Preparedness mesdures at Akanu Ibiam International Airport, Enugu, which is an international entry point.
The current Ebola Prevention measures at the airport is undertaking with collaboration of the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC), Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Port Health Services, airport authorities and other relevant partners.
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Health
There is no confirmed case of diphtheria in Enugu State’

The Enugu State Government says there is no confirmed case of diphtheria in the state, urging residents to disapprove unfounded ongoing rumours.
The Commissioner for Health, Prof George Ugwu, made the clarification in a briefing on Wednesday in Enugu on update on the rumoured suspected case of a diphtheria patient in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku/Ozalla, Enugu.
“In response to this, the Public health and Surveillance unit of the State Ministry of Health are already at alert and to ensure appropriate prevention control measure and early detection as may be necessary.
“A few days ago, there was a report of suspected case of diphtheria at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu which was followed by our team.
“However, the diagnosis of diphtheria could not be sustained or confirmed; while the patient, wito was rumoured and suspected to have diphtheria,
had tonsillitis,” he said.
The commissioner noted that accordingly, contact traces and other appropriate measures are ongoing and “yet diphtheria are not diagnosed or confirmed in the state.”
He explained that the suspected patient had been traced to his home in Achara Layout in Enugu and he did not have any record of travel and had not being to the northern part of the country as rumoured.
“Our surveillance and tracing teams have also contacted his family members and others but no trace of diphtheria established,” he said.
Ugwu noted that although the state had remained on high alert against infectious diseases, “Enugu State is never at high risk of contacting diphtheria”.
“For the state, we have a robust routine and mop up vaccination especially on Penta 3, which provides effective immunisation against diphtheria for a whole life time.
“In 2026 Vaccination, we had 91 per cent record of coverage on Penta 3 vaccination, which is even above the national target or threshold,” he said.
The commissioner urged residents to remain calm and avoid spreading rumours or unverified information as well as seek medical attention promptly if they develop symptoms of any sickness.
He said, “The ministry is calling on parents and caregivers to ensure children are fully immunised with diphtheria containing vaccines (Penta 3).
“Residents are urged to follow the advice of health authorities during contact tracing and monitoring.
“Healthcare workers are urged to maintain appropriate standard precautions, promptly notify suspected cases through the surveillance system and ensure appropriate infection prevention and control measures.
“The Enugu State Ministry of Health, in collaboration with UNTH and relevant international partners, continues to monitor the situation and will be proactive for further information as necessary,” he added.
It would be recalled that there is an outbreak of diphtheria in Nigeria and 19,799 suspected cases sent to molecular laboratory test; with 15,309 confirmed cases and 517 confirmed death across 26 states and 357 Local Government Areas.
The worst affected states accounting for over 98 per cent cases of diphtheria are Kano, Bauchi, Borno, Kastin, Sokato, Zamfara, Kaduna and Plateau according to Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC).
Diphtheria is a serious but vaccine preventable bacterial disease that can spread though respiratory droplets and close contact.
Symptoms of Diphtheria include: fever, sore throat, difficulty or pain when swallowing, cough, difficulty breathing, swelling of the neck and greyish/white membrane in the throat.
Health
UNTH Begins Contact Tracing After Suspected Diphtheria Case

The University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, has urged patients, visitors and members of the public to remain calm following the management of a clinically suspected case of diphtheria at the hospital.
The reassurance followed concerns over the admission and subsequent death of a paediatric patient at the hospital’s Children’s Emergency Room (CHER).
According to a statement issued by the hospital management on Wednesday, the patient received medical intervention immediately after admission but died two days later despite efforts by the attending medical team.
The hospital said a subsequent clinical post-mortem review suggested that the severe symptoms may have been caused by severe pharyngotonsillitis with massive exudate, rather than diphtheria as initially suspected.
However, as a precautionary measure, UNTH said comprehensive contact tracing had commenced to identify and monitor individuals who may have had close contact with the deceased.
The hospital also confirmed that the Children’s Emergency Room had undergone standard decontamination in line with established infection prevention and control protocols.
UNTH said it had previously managed sporadic cases of diphtheria successfully and possesses the specialist personnel, isolation facilities and medical equipment required to manage infectious disease cases.
The management urged members of the public to remain vigilant for symptoms associated with diphtheria, including persistent fever, severe sore throat and difficulty swallowing.
It advised anyone experiencing such symptoms, as well as parents whose children develop them, to seek immediate medical attention at a recognised healthcare facility and avoid self-medication.
Healthcare workers, patients and visitors were also advised to maintain proper hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette while within the hospital premises.
The hospital management assured the public that it would continue to prioritise community safety and public health, while providing updates based on verified medical information.
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