
Health
Festivities may worsen cholera outbreak as cases spread to 30 states

Medical experts have warned that the latest cholera outbreak may spread to many communities and states in the country during the Eid-el-Kabir celebration if necessary measures were not quickly taken to limit the spread of the acute diarrhoeal infection.
The experts, who spoke in separate interviews with Sunday PUNCH, said the increase in travel over the holiday season might result in a rise in cholera cases.
This comes as the Lagos State Government confirmed 15 deaths from the infection.
Cholera is a food and water-borne disease caused by the ingestion of the bacteria— Vibrio cholerae— in contaminated water and food.
The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention also warned the public of the increasing trend of cholera cases across the country as the rainy season intensifies.
The centre stated that from January 1 to June 11, 2024, over 1,141 suspected and over 65 confirmed cases of cholera, resulting in over 30 deaths, had been reported from 96 LGAs in 30 states.
It noted that the 10 states contributing 90 per cent to the burden of cholera include Bayelsa, Zamfara, Abia, Cross River, Bauchi, Delta, Katsina, Imo, Nasarawa, and Lagos states.
In Nigeria, cholera is an endemic and seasonal disease, occurring annually mostly during the rainy season and more frequently in areas with poor sanitation.
There were 473,000 cholera cases reported to WHO in 2022 – double the number from 2021. A further increase of cases by 700,000 was estimated in 2023.
The latest data from the World Health Organisation showed that a cumulative total of 145,900 cholera cases and 1,766 deaths were reported from 24 countries across five WHO regions, with Africa recording the highest numbers, followed by the Eastern Mediterranean Region, the Region of the Americas, the South-East Asia Region, and the European Region.
Speaking on the possibility of further spread during the Sallah celebration, the President of the Nigerian Association of Resident Doctors, Dr Dele Abdullahi, stated that the surge in holiday season travel could lead to an increase in cholera cases.
Abdullahi said, “Cholera is a bacterial infection, so there is a possibility of it spreading to other states during the festive season.
“Because of the Sallah celebration, a lot of migration is going to occur. People will move from one place to the other, and many of them, possibly in the incubation period, will change location. The key here is for our healthcare facilities to maintain a high index of suspicion when they encounter any cases of vomiting and diarrhoea.
“I am confident that the outbreak will not spoil the Sallah celebration,” he added.
To curb the spread, the NARD President stressed the need to maintain optimal and high standards of hygiene.
“We need a high index of suspicion. Whenever we encounter patients with vomiting, we must quickly take them to health facilities. It is better to arrive there and find out that it’s just food poisoning than to be uncertain about the health condition we’re dealing with.
“People should also avoid self-medication and refrain from using unorthodox methods to manage their health issues at home. All these measures will help in curbing the spread of the disease,” he said.
Also, a former Chairman of the Association of Private Medical Practitioners of Nigeria, Dr Tunji Akintade, said, “If someone with the disease travels without taking care of themselves and defecates in an open place, their faeces could contaminate water sources and infect others. Thus, there is a possibility of the disease spreading due to its transmission through water and poor hygiene.”
Akintade further emphasised that individuals who maintained good personal and environmental hygiene and were mindful of what and where they ate were less likely to be infected.
“If I live in the same house with someone who has cholera but we’re not eating the same things, and I’m careful about what I consume, I may not contract it. Therefore, when people travel, it’s crucial to advise them against drinking water from areas where cases have been reported.
“People need to maintain good hygiene, wash their hands after using the toilet, and ensure their surroundings are clean,” he concluded.
Also, a consultant family physician and Head of Department, Family Medicine Department at the University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Dr Ibrahim Kuranga-Suleiman, affirmed that the infection could spread as people travelled if precautionary measures were neglected.
Kuranga-Suleiman said, “The disease may spread during the Sallah period. To curb this, we must enhance our hygiene practices and ensure fruits are thoroughly washed and foods well-cooked. Even the water we drink must be sourced from safe and clean sources.
“By taking these precautions, we can prevent not only cholera but also travel-related diarrhoea, which is common among travellers.”
NCDC urges prevention
Speaking on a programme on Channels Television on Saturday, the Director General of the NCDC, Dr Jide Idris, stressed that prevention was key in fighting the disease.
Idris noted that as the rainy season intensified, there were possibilities of increasing cases of cholera in the country.
“The Nigerian Meteorological Agency has said that the rains this year are going to be heavier, and when you have rains, you’re going to have floods, and this leads to contamination of our water sources, so the chances are that cholera cases will increase.”
The DG, who blamed the outbreak of the infection on poor sanitation, personal and environmental hygiene, and lack of access to clean water, noted that the agency was conducting a risk assessment and had alerted all the states about the outbreak.
“To me, it’s a disease that is related to basic sanitation. My observation is that prevention is very weak, which also strengthens your point that we seem to have forgotten the need for prevention, or are not taking it very seriously. In a situation where resources are limited, I think that’s the best approach.
“If you go back to this cholera case, it’s a problem of poor sanitation and good personal and environmental hygiene, as well as lack of access to water. The easiest way to ensure good personal hygiene is hand-washing, especially after using the toilet and before cooking your food.
“But in a situation where people are told to practice hand-washing and there’s no access to water, it’s a problem. So, I think everybody, including the Federal Government, state governments, different agencies, local governments, and even the community, have to come together.”
The DG said the state governments must ensure access to clean water and toilets for their citizens.
PUNCH
Health
Ebola Scare: FG Moves to Establish Treatment Centres in States as Contacts Rise to 53

The Federal Government has intensified emergency measures to contain the possible spread of Ebola Virus Disease in Nigeria, with plans to establish treatment and isolation centres in states hosting designated ports of entry.
The development follows an increase in the number of persons identified as contacts of Nigeria’s confirmed Ebola patient from 44 to 53.
The national incident management system has also been activated under the coordination of the Minister of Health and Social Welfare, Prof Muhammad Ali Pate.
The confirmed case involves a woman who travelled to Nigeria after visiting Uganda, following an earlier trip to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
She reportedly developed symptoms on October 7, sought medical attention in Abuja on October 11 and tested positive for the Bundibugyo strain of Ebola on October 20.
The World Health Organisation is investigating the possible source of the infection.
Health authorities have urged Nigerians to remain calm, maintain proper hygiene, avoid direct contact with the bodily fluids of suspected Ebola patients and promptly report suspected infections.
The NCDC also warned against stigmatising persons undergoing monitoring, stressing that public cooperation, early detection and effective contact tracing remain critical to preventing further transmission.
Health
Nigeria’s Ebola Patient Identified as Wife of Swiss Diplomat, Infection Traced to Uganda

The woman who tested positive for Ebola in Nigeria has been identified as the wife of a Swiss diplomat stationed in Abuja, with preliminary investigations suggesting that she contracted the deadly virus during a recent trip to Uganda.
According to Reuters, Switzerland’s Federal Department of Foreign Affairs confirmed on Thursday that the 42-year-old Ugandan-born woman tested positive on October 20, marking Nigeria’s first confirmed Ebola case in over a decade.
The Swiss authorities disclosed that the patient had spent approximately one week receiving treatment at a private hospital in Abuja after developing symptoms before laboratory tests confirmed the infection.
The ministry explained that the woman was believed to have contracted the virus during a visit to Uganda about two weeks earlier.
Her husband, who accompanied her on the trip, has since been placed in isolation as a precautionary measure, although he has not exhibited any symptoms of the disease.
However, uncertainty remains over the actual source of the infection, as international health agencies intensify efforts to reconstruct the patient’s travel history and identify possible exposure routes.
Ugandan authorities had suggested that the woman visited eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo before travelling through Uganda, but the World Health Organisation (WHO) and Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) said the claim had not been independently verified.
Africa CDC official Wessam Mankoula disclosed during an online briefing that Nigerian and Ugandan health authorities were exchanging information to establish the patient’s movements.
He maintained that there was currently no validated evidence confirming that the woman travelled to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Providing further clarification, WHO Representative in Nigeria, Pavel Ursu, said available records indicated that the patient travelled to Uganda on September 16 and returned to Abuja on October 3.
Ursu also confirmed that the woman remained hospitalised, adding that medical indicators showed signs of improvement.
Meanwhile, WHO Emergency Response Manager Patrick Otim said investigations were continuing to establish where the infection originated and identify health facilities the patient visited after developing symptoms.
The Nigerian case has been linked to an outbreak involving the Bundibugyo strain of Ebola, first reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in May.
Ebola is transmitted through direct contact with the blood or bodily fluids of infected persons, including deceased victims. Common symptoms include fever, vomiting and diarrhoea, while severe infections can result in death.
Health authorities are currently tracing the patient’s contacts and reviewing her movements to identify individuals who may have been exposed and prevent further transmission of the virus.
Health
Abuja Ebola case: Enugu Govt strengthens surveillance, puts health officials on alert

The Enugu State Government says it has strengthened its disease surveillance and puts health officials on alert within the 17 council areas in the state.
The Commissioner for Health, Prof. George Ugwu, said this on Wednesday in Enugu during a press conference on Actions of the State Government in Response to Confirmed Case of Ebola in Abuja.
Ugwu said that following the confirmation of the case, the government had reactivated and strengthened the Enugu State Public Health Emergency Operations Centre (PHEOC) to coordinate preparedness, surveillance and response activities.
“Specifically, the State has intensified disease surveillance across its 17 Local Government Areas and strengthened coordination with relevant agencies and partners.
“Surveillance activities around the Akanu Ibiam International Airport are also being strengthened in collaboration with Port Health Services and other relevant stakeholders.
“The state is further maintaining its Rapid Response Teams and relevant technical personnel on standby, while preparedness measures are being reviewed to ensure that the state is able to respond promptly should a suspected case be identified.
“Public awareness and risk communication activities are also being strengthened to ensure that members of the public receive accurate and timely information,” Ugwu, who is a Member of Presidential Committee on Ebola Prevention, said.
He said that health ministry would continue to work closely with Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, its agencies and other partners to ensure effective preparedness, early detection, appropriate response and timely communication
The commissioner said that the government considers the health security of the state’s residents as a major priority and had taken appropriate precautionary measures without creating unnecessary fear or panic.
He urged health workers to maintain a high index of suspicion, strictly observe infection prevention and control measures, use appropriate protective equipment, and promptly report any suspected case through the established channels.
According to him, the government will continue to provide the necessary support and guidance to ensure health workers safety and effective response.
“To the good people of Enugu State, I urge you to remain calm and vigilant. There is currently no confirmed case of Ebola in Enugu State, and the measures being taken are precautionary.
“The public is advised to maintain good hand hygiene, avoid contact with the body fluids of sick persons, seek medical attention promptly when necessary, and report suspected sick person,” he said.
He specifically urged public and private health facilities across the state to remain on heightened alert and maintain a high index of suspicion for suspected cases, particularly among persons with relevant travel or exposure history.
“All suspected cases should be promptly isolated and immediately reported to the appropriate Disease Surveillance and Notification Officer (DSNO) or the State Public Health Emergency Operations Centre, while strict infection prevention and control measures are observed.
“I urge all health facilities to cooperate fully with the Enugu State Ministry of Health and other response agencies, as early detection and prompt notification are critical to preventing transmission,” he said.
It would be recalled that state government, through the Ministry of Health, for months had been undertaking Ebola Prevention Preparedness mesdures at Akanu Ibiam International Airport, Enugu, which is an international entry point.
The current Ebola Prevention measures at the airport is undertaking with collaboration of the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC), Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Port Health Services, airport authorities and other relevant partners.
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Health
There is no confirmed case of diphtheria in Enugu State’

The Enugu State Government says there is no confirmed case of diphtheria in the state, urging residents to disapprove unfounded ongoing rumours.
The Commissioner for Health, Prof George Ugwu, made the clarification in a briefing on Wednesday in Enugu on update on the rumoured suspected case of a diphtheria patient in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku/Ozalla, Enugu.
“In response to this, the Public health and Surveillance unit of the State Ministry of Health are already at alert and to ensure appropriate prevention control measure and early detection as may be necessary.
“A few days ago, there was a report of suspected case of diphtheria at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu which was followed by our team.
“However, the diagnosis of diphtheria could not be sustained or confirmed; while the patient, wito was rumoured and suspected to have diphtheria,
had tonsillitis,” he said.
The commissioner noted that accordingly, contact traces and other appropriate measures are ongoing and “yet diphtheria are not diagnosed or confirmed in the state.”
He explained that the suspected patient had been traced to his home in Achara Layout in Enugu and he did not have any record of travel and had not being to the northern part of the country as rumoured.
“Our surveillance and tracing teams have also contacted his family members and others but no trace of diphtheria established,” he said.
Ugwu noted that although the state had remained on high alert against infectious diseases, “Enugu State is never at high risk of contacting diphtheria”.
“For the state, we have a robust routine and mop up vaccination especially on Penta 3, which provides effective immunisation against diphtheria for a whole life time.
“In 2026 Vaccination, we had 91 per cent record of coverage on Penta 3 vaccination, which is even above the national target or threshold,” he said.
The commissioner urged residents to remain calm and avoid spreading rumours or unverified information as well as seek medical attention promptly if they develop symptoms of any sickness.
He said, “The ministry is calling on parents and caregivers to ensure children are fully immunised with diphtheria containing vaccines (Penta 3).
“Residents are urged to follow the advice of health authorities during contact tracing and monitoring.
“Healthcare workers are urged to maintain appropriate standard precautions, promptly notify suspected cases through the surveillance system and ensure appropriate infection prevention and control measures.
“The Enugu State Ministry of Health, in collaboration with UNTH and relevant international partners, continues to monitor the situation and will be proactive for further information as necessary,” he added.
It would be recalled that there is an outbreak of diphtheria in Nigeria and 19,799 suspected cases sent to molecular laboratory test; with 15,309 confirmed cases and 517 confirmed death across 26 states and 357 Local Government Areas.
The worst affected states accounting for over 98 per cent cases of diphtheria are Kano, Bauchi, Borno, Kastin, Sokato, Zamfara, Kaduna and Plateau according to Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (NCDC).
Diphtheria is a serious but vaccine preventable bacterial disease that can spread though respiratory droplets and close contact.
Symptoms of Diphtheria include: fever, sore throat, difficulty or pain when swallowing, cough, difficulty breathing, swelling of the neck and greyish/white membrane in the throat.
Health
UNTH Begins Contact Tracing After Suspected Diphtheria Case

The University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State, has urged patients, visitors and members of the public to remain calm following the management of a clinically suspected case of diphtheria at the hospital.
The reassurance followed concerns over the admission and subsequent death of a paediatric patient at the hospital’s Children’s Emergency Room (CHER).
According to a statement issued by the hospital management on Wednesday, the patient received medical intervention immediately after admission but died two days later despite efforts by the attending medical team.
The hospital said a subsequent clinical post-mortem review suggested that the severe symptoms may have been caused by severe pharyngotonsillitis with massive exudate, rather than diphtheria as initially suspected.
However, as a precautionary measure, UNTH said comprehensive contact tracing had commenced to identify and monitor individuals who may have had close contact with the deceased.
The hospital also confirmed that the Children’s Emergency Room had undergone standard decontamination in line with established infection prevention and control protocols.
UNTH said it had previously managed sporadic cases of diphtheria successfully and possesses the specialist personnel, isolation facilities and medical equipment required to manage infectious disease cases.
The management urged members of the public to remain vigilant for symptoms associated with diphtheria, including persistent fever, severe sore throat and difficulty swallowing.
It advised anyone experiencing such symptoms, as well as parents whose children develop them, to seek immediate medical attention at a recognised healthcare facility and avoid self-medication.
Healthcare workers, patients and visitors were also advised to maintain proper hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette while within the hospital premises.
The hospital management assured the public that it would continue to prioritise community safety and public health, while providing updates based on verified medical information.
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